Play at slow pace for a relaxing experience - or speed it up for some adrenaline rush. Overall, if you're a fan of Snake, you'll enjoy this simple and free Classic Snake game although like the original, the very basic gameplay means the appeal wears off after a while. Game ID: 40892 Screen: All Version: 1.00 Genre: Maze. You can also hit K to change the skin of Classic Snake. Snake Revolution 320x240 Java Game, download to your mobile for free. Classic Snake has a few added extra features such as an option to change the background color from black to white by using the B key. Just use the cursor keys to control your snake and if you need a break, hit the Spacebar to pause the game - there's not much more to it than that. /rebates/&252fscreen-snake-free-download-mac. Some other multiplayer Snake/Worm games include: Powerline.io - More. The controls for Classic Snake are extremely simple. io game features online multiplayer, minimal appearance, and is free to play. If you do run into yourself or touch the sides, your snake dies and its game over. The aim is very simple - help your snake to grow as long as possible by eating the dots on the screen without going into yourself or touching the sides. On the home screen, find Google Play Store and click on the icon to open it. If you're a fan of the classic Snake puzzle game, then this free version of Classic Snake is faithful to the original game. Google Play Store comes pre-installed in Bluestacks. After sometime, you will get the Snake Blast! on your PC with the latest version of 1.66.Softonic review Free classic snake puzzle game for Mac Nokia in 1998 as a preset games for many of their cell phones also beginning in the late 90s versions of the game were created with programs like flash and (OVC) is a free online media conversion web application that allows you to convert any video link or file to various formats without the need to install.It will take some time if your PC configuration does not match with the software. 5,793 Best Green Screen Snake Free Video Clip Downloads from the Videezy community.This application's bundle is identified as net.korion. /rebates/&252fscreen-snake-free-download-mac. 5,793 Best Green Screen Snake Free Video Clip Downloads from the Videezy community. ApowerRECCrack with Serial Key Free Download full version can capture anything on your screen including desktop actions, live movie streaming. The most popular versions of Screen Snake Plus for Mac are 2.2 and 1.4. Student at The Islamia University of Bahawalpur. Our website provides a free download of Screen Snake Plus 3.0 for Mac.
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MP4 files open in the operating system's default video player. Many consider MP4 to be one of the best video formats available today. It is also a popular video format for streaming over the Internet, such as on YouTube. It is compatible with a wide range of devices and operating systems, using a codec to compress file size, resulting in a file that is easy to manage and store. MPEG-4 (MP4) is a container video format that can store multimedia data, usually audio and video. They are Masterpoint green points data, which is obsolete and TeslaCrypt 3.0 ransomware encrypted file, which is malware that demanded ransom in bitcoins, but is thankfully now deactivated and no longer a threat.ĭeveloped by: ISO/ IEC, Moving Pictures Experts Group Keep in mind that two other file types use the MP3 extension. Users can also preview MP3 files.Īnother program that can open MP3 files is VLC media player. Simply clicking on the file will open it in iTunes or Windows Media Player, depending on your preferred platform. Due to small size and acceptable quality, MP3 files are accessible to a wide audience, as well as easy to store and share.īecause MP3 files are so prevalent, most major audio playback programs support them. MP3 files are the most widely-used audio file for consumers. MPEG-1 Audio Layer III or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III (MP3) is a digital, audio-coding format used to compress a sound sequence into a very small file to enable digital storage and transmission. What is an MP3 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer III or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III) file? Since 2013, Stockfish has been developed using a distributed testing framework named Fishtest, where volunteers can donate CPU time for testing improvements to the program. An official repository, managed by a volunteer group of core Stockfish developers, was created soon after and currently manages the development of the project. On 18 June 2014 Marco Costalba announced that he had "decided to step down as Stockfish maintainer" and asked that the community create a fork of the current version and continue its development. The last Glaurung version (2.2) was released in December 2008.Īround 2011, Romstad decided to abandon his involvement with Stockfish in order to spend more time on his new iOS chess app. For a while, new ideas and code changes were transferred between the two programs in both directions, until Romstad decided to discontinue Glaurung in favor of Stockfish, which was the more advanced engine at the time. The first version, Stockfish 1.0, was released in November 2008. He named it Stockfish because it was "produced in Norway and cooked in Italy" (Romstad is Norwegian, Costalba is Italian). Four years later, Costalba, inspired by the strong open-source engine, decided to fork the project. The program originated from Glaurung, an open-source chess engine created by Romstad and first released in 2004. Release versions and development versions are available as C++ source code and as precompiled versions for Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux 32-bit/64-bit and Android. Both and Lichess provide Stockfish in this form in addition to a server-side program. Stockfish can be compiled to WebAssembly or JavaScript, allowing it to run in the browser. Other Stockfish-compatible graphical user interfaces (GUIs) include Fritz, Arena, Stockfish for Mac, and P圜hess. On mobile, it has been bundled with the Stockfish app, SmallFish and Droidfish. On desktop, it is the default chess engine bundled with the Internet Chess Club interface programs BlitzIn and Dasher. Stockfish has been a very popular engine on various platforms. In 2018 support for the 7-men Syzygy was added, shortly after becoming available. The Syzygy tablebase support, previously available in a fork maintained by Ronald de Man, was integrated into Stockfish in 2014. Stockfish supports Chess960, which is one feature that was inherited from Glaurung. As of July 2022, Stockfish 15 (4-threaded) achieves an Elo rating of 3540 +16 Compared to other engines, it is characterized by its great search depth, due in part to more aggressive pruning and late move reductions. Stockfish implements an advanced alpha–beta search and uses bitboards. The maximal size of its transposition table is 32 TB. Stockfish can use up to 1024 CPU threads in multiprocessor systems. The more you spend, the longer they will last. With goggles more than anything, you get what you pay for. A large frame on the outside may look awesome, but inside, it may be too tight on your eyes. So before purchasing a pair of goggles, go try some on to see how they fit on your face and to judge how you like the frame. Make sure when buying goggles that the lens (or lenses) you are equipped with will suit your environment.ĭo you want big frames, or small frames? Goggle frame sizes vary, both on the inside and out. And if you don’t have the right lens, it may be harder to find your way down the mountain. Do you plan on shredding strictly in fair, Californian weather at a resort like Mammoth, or do you intend on traveling to the east coast or midwest for some different environments? Whatever your desire, the weather you ride in will drastically affect what you see and which goggles you should be using. If you think you’ll go at least once but you’re not sure if you’ll go again, then stick to a cheaper, all-inclusive option on the list and work your way up from there.Īfter judging your skill level, assessing your environment is probably the most important aspect to consider when buying goggles. If you’re planning on shredding twenty times a year for five years, spend a lot of money. It may be hard to admit, but before buying any goggles, ask yourself this: how good are you? Have you ever snowboarded before? Do you think you’re going to go more than once? Whatever the answer is, buy a pair of goggles that suits you best. But if you want to know more, check out what others have to say about how to buy snowboard goggles, as well. We’ve assembled a list of key points to consider when buying your pair of snowboard goggles. There are so many different styles, molds, and environments that goggles can accommodate, so when choosing yours, it’s best to do a bit of research on the matter first. If you’re shopping for goggles, we assume you already own a snowboard, boots, and bindings. THINGS TO CONSIDER WHEN BUYING GOGGLES FOR SNOWBOARDING Read through the list below to find out which pair best suits your needs.įor more of our top snowboarding gear recommendations, check out the Best Women’s Snowboard Goggles. Fortunately, we’ve picked out the ten best snowboard goggles for you, to make your task a little easier. But choosing the best snowboard goggles for you can seem like a difficult task given how many different models there are on the market. So instead of shielding yourself from the wind with a forearm, or stopping, or moving so slowly that you don’t even get to enjoy the best parts of shredding, you need a strong, durable, and stylish pair of goggles to protect your eyes on the slopes. When you’re cruising down the mountain, whether in sunny weather or sleet, wind and kicking snow can plaster your face. Goggles are essential for any and all riders. And you have no idea which ones are the best snowboard goggles for you. You even bought that jacket you’ve been eyeing for the past year. He arrived at 2115 and reached for his wallet. Staring at the stars, we hoped that Braden would have $3. He reported a no-bar cell signal, but he did somehow get a Snap Chat from his girlfriend. Stumbling into a dark ditch on his way back to camp, Kyle cursed. Appointed plan master, my research was now becoming reality. Wanting to avoid bugs and people, we committed to September 2018, after Labor Day. Snuggled against the Canadian border between Ely and International Falls, the speaker said it was like the Boundary Waters without portaging, and a boat is the only way to reach campsites scattered among its roughly 500 islands. Recalling a seminar at Canoecopia, Madison’s annual paddling extravaganza, I suggested Voyageurs National Park. But where? Braden remembered his Eagle Scout trip to the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, and then he remembered all the portages. This adventure had to be DIY, flexible, and affordable. With wetsuit water temps and robust reactions to weather, prudent, inexperienced Lake Superior paddlers opt for experienced guidance. We considered an Apostles redux but then came to our senses. Braden has a 17.5-foot Pygmy Coho Hi that he built while stationed at the Camp Jejune Marine Base Hospital in North Carolina. I’d built an 18-foot CLC Chesapeake the year after the Apostle trip, and Kyle would paddle the 17-footer I built for my wife several years ago. Since we had the boats, it must be a kayak adventure. Marking the commencement of my 64th year the next day, we recalled the highlights of our adventures, and we immediately agreed that it was time to resume them. We gathered at Braden’s new home for Thanksgiving 2017. They sustained us through their college years and the inauguration of their careers. We saw the Milky Way there, too.Īnnual adventures seemed the best way for me, a noncustodial father, to spend time with my sons that built lasting memories. We made our first big trip in 2002, a five-day guided tour of the Apostle Islands that introduced us to sea kayaks and Lake Superior. We three were camping in the wilds of south-central Missouri to raft our way down the Niangua River. I’d last seen the Milky Way in 2006, the year Braden graduated from high school. A loon warbled in the deepening darkness and the Milky Way came into focus. When Kyle wandered into the gloaming in search of a cell signal, I slouched on the picnic table and stared at the celestial hi-def big screen framed by the surrounding trees. Braden, a 31-year-old ICU nurse, was on his way from Kansas City, where he’d settled with his family after five years with the Navy. A 28-year old mechanical engineer, Kyle traveled from St. Pitched on Site 8’s level spots, our tents formed an obtuse triangle with two trees suitably spaced for Braden’s hammock. NOAA weather radio warned of coming rain. Three bucks short of the $14 fee, we hoped Braden had $3, so we wouldn’t have to sacrifice a $20. A Minnesota DNR pocket park across a gravel road from its eponymous waterway, you self-register for the eight first-come, first-serve sites. New Albany (4-0) is scheduled to play Scottsburg on Monday.An hour before a cloudless September sunset, Kyle and I pitched our tents at the Ash River Campground and waited for his brother, Braden, so we could begin our five-day, father-son adventure at Voyageurs National Park. The fifth set was tightly-contested much of the way and Chase Walters was able to score 2 of his six kills in the short set to help balance out our offense." As Davis Barber, Henry Ryan and Chase Walters started to make more plays defensively our bench became alive giving huge amounts of energy to the guys on the floor. In the fourth set freshman, Davis Barber stepped up and made some huge digs in the backcourt to keep the rallies alive. As the set was winding down the score was tight and Chase Walters poked a ball to the corner to give the Bulldogs a 2-point advantage and Henry Ryan went on a service run. He gave us a comfortable lead in the third set to allow us to build momentum. Johnathan is a very gifted volleyball player who can make something out of nothing. Once the third set came around we were starting to find our groove and Johnathan Clifton went on a huge service run to open the game for us. "We were struggling to find a rhythm offensively and the speed of the Floyd Central attack gave us problems. "The Bulldogs got off to a very slow start in the first and second sets," New Albany coach Ryan Woosley said. Johnathan Clifton had a double-double (23 kills, 12 digs) to lead the Bulldogs to victory. 16-New Albany rallied from two sets down for a 23-25, 14-25, 25-19, 25-21, 15-12 triumph over rival Floyd Central on Thursday night. When all files are uploaded, John shares a link to the folder he created that allows users without a OneDrive account to view the files in this folder:.Now John logs in to OneDrive and creates a new folder an uploads all the documents for his soccer team to this folder:.Once John has associated his e-mail address with a Microsoft account, he has access to 5 GB of OneDrive storage he can use to upload the schedules, contacts and photos. John will need to create a Microsoft account, because he does not already use an or account.For this, he wants to share practice and game schedules, contact information, and some pictures he took during matches, with the parents of all the kids in his team. Before the new season starts for his team, John wants to set up a way to organize and coordinate better with the parents of his team members. Meet John: John is very enthusiastic about being a soccer coach for kids in his free time. If you identify your need to use a cloud service in the use cases, follow our instructions to get the best out of your OneDrive account. One could easily dig much further into technical details and the pros and cons of the cloud service by Microsoft, but we rather provide you with some prominent examples of how to make use of OneDrive, depending on what is supposed to be achieved with it. Use Cases: How to Get the Best out of OneDrive OneDrive is not just a storage area, but it is similarly a facilitator that moves the data in and out of the storage. The last point mentioned implies that OneDrive is Microsoft’s version of Dropbox. A personal cloud-based storage area accessible to users with, , or any e-mail address associated with a Microsoft Account.A personal SharePoint site collection where a licensed user can create and share enterprise content.An Application that synchronizes selected folders from a cloud-based storage area or synchronizes selected document libraries from a SharePoint Online or SharePoint On-Premises environment.Below are three definitions of OneDrive available: This depicts Microsoft’s attempt of combining two concepts – one used in an enterprise context (private and public sector) and one used in a non-enterprise (personal) context – in one term. Much of the confusion surrounding the term “OneDrive” is best described by the analogy of OneDrive being the house and the moving van. This article seeks to answer the open questions you might have and is providing 5 use cases to get a better understanding of the best way to make use of the storage Microsoft is giving you. Yet, OneDrive seems to cause some confusion with lots of users. OneDrive is a cloud storage service, a lot like all the other cloud storage services you know out there (e.g. Encrypt Microsoft Teams with Boxcryptor.Working with Microsoft’s Office Online Applications Collaborating on Sensitive Business Information in the Cloud Storing and Sharing Sensitive Business Files Synchronizing Pictures with a Phone, the Cloud and Local Storage Use Cases: How to Get the Best out of OneDrive.Why is There Confusion Around OneDrive?. Feature selection using FRUFS and VevestaX.Deploy ML model in AWS Ec2 – Complete no-step-missed guide.Main Pitfalls in Machine Learning Projects.Matplotlib Tutorial – A Complete Guide to Python Plot w/ Examples.Top 50 matplotlib Visualizations – The Master Plots (with full python code).Matplotlib Histogram – How to Visualize Distributions in Python.Matplotlib Plotting Tutorial – Complete overview of Matplotlib library.SpaCy Text Classification – How to Train Text Classification Model in spaCy (Solved Example)?.Training Custom NER models in SpaCy to auto-detect named entities.Cosine Similarity – Understanding the math and how it works (with python codes).Topic modeling visualization – How to present the results of LDA models?.Lemmatization Approaches with Examples in Python.LDA in Python – How to grid search best topic models?.Gensim Tutorial – A Complete Beginners Guide.101 NLP Exercises (using modern libraries).Text Summarization Approaches for NLP – Practical Guide with Generative Examples.Complete Guide to Natural Language Processing (NLP) – with Practical Examples.How to implement Linear Regression in TensorFlow.How to use tf.function to speed up Python code in Tensorflow.TensorFlow vs PyTorch – A Detailed Comparison.One Sample T Test – Clearly Explained with Examples | ML+.Understanding Standard Error – A practical guide with examples.T Test (Students T Test) – Understanding the math and how it works.Mahalanobis Distance – Understanding the math with examples (python).How to implement common statistical significance tests and find the p value?.What is P-Value? – Understanding the meaning, math and methods.Chi-Square test – How to test statistical significance?.Vector Autoregression (VAR) – Comprehensive Guide with Examples in Python.Time Series Analysis in Python – A Comprehensive Guide with Examples.ARIMA Model – Complete Guide to Time Series Forecasting in Python.Augmented Dickey Fuller Test (ADF Test) – Must Read Guide.What does Python Global Interpreter Lock – (GIL) do?.Lambda Function in Python – How and When to use?.Python Yield – What does the yield keyword do?.cProfile – How to profile your python code.Python Collections – An Introductory Guide.datetime in Python – Simplified Guide with Clear Examples.Python Logging – Simplest Guide with Full Code and Examples.Python Regular Expressions Tutorial and Examples: A Simplified Guide.Python Explained – How to Use and When? (Full Examples).Parallel Processing in Python – A Practical Guide with Examples.List Comprehensions in Python – My Simplified Guide.Object Oriented Programming (OOPS) in Python.Python Module – What are modules and packages in python?.Iterators in Python – What are Iterators and Iterables?.Generators in Python – How to lazily return values only when needed and save memory?.Decorators in Python – How to enhance functions without changing the code?.How to deal with Big Data in Python for ML Projects (100+ GB)?. Officers of the 4th Light Dragoons in 1855: Battle of Balaclava on 25th October 1854 in the Crimean War In Hamley’s words, ‘Then -almost as it seemed in a moment, and simultaneously- the whole Russian mass gave way, and fled, at speed and in disorder, beyond the hill, vanishing behind the slope some four or five minutes after they had first swept over it.’ The two forces struggled on the hillside, until the 4 th Dragoon Guards came up and delivered a further charge into the Russian flank. The wings of the Russian formation closed in behind the two lines of British horsemen and the Royal Dragoons charged the wings in the rear. The first line, of Scots Greys and Inniskillings, struck the Russian cavalry, followed by the second line, of Inniskillings and 5 th Dragoon Guards. The Russian commander appeared to be seeking to extend his line, after crossing the Causeway Heights. Trumpeter 11th Hussars: Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava on 25th October 1854 in the Crimean War: picture by Harry PayneĪs the Heavy Brigade charged, the Russian cavalry force halted, so that it received the Heavy Brigade charge stationary. The only British troops between the Russian force and the port were the two British cavalry brigades, the Heavy Brigade and the Light Brigade, which had their encampments in the valley, the 93 rd Highlanders and a small force of marines. Lord Raglan, from his headquarters on the Sapouné Heights to the west, saw the threat to Balaclava and his lines of communication. After a heavy bombardment, the Turkish troops were driven out of the Number One redoubt on Canrobert’s Hill, suffering some 400 casualties of a garrison of 500. Nine 12 pounder naval guns bolstered these positions. The Turkish troops were building six redoubts along the Heights, to protect the road and defend Balaclava. The Woronzoff Road, running along the ridge of the Causeway Heights, provided an important communication for the British, being the only firm road from Balaclava up to the siege works at Sevastopol. The assault was commanded by his deputy, General Liprandi. On 25 th October 1854, Menshikov launched an assault across the Tchernaya River to the north-east of Balaclava, with the aim of capturing the British base. During October 1854, reinforcements came in to Menshikov’s army from elsewhere in the Crimea and further afield in Russia, until his army was larger than that of the allies. The allies were thereby left with two tasks the siege of the city and holding off Menshikov’s army. The Russian commander, Prince Menshikov, marched his army out of Sevastopol to the north-east, leaving a garrison to conduct the defence of the city. Once the march was completed, the French established their base at Kamiesh, on the south-western tip of the Crimea, south of Sevastopol, while the British took Balaclava as their base, fifteen miles along the coast to the east. Lord Raglan and Marshal St Arnaud, the two commanders-in-chief, resolved to march around the inland side of Sevastopol and begin siege operations against the city from the south. It would take the rest of the century for field tactics to catch up with the effects of the modern weapons coming into service.īritish cavalry in the Crimea: Battle of Balaclava on 25th October 1854 in the Crimean War: picture by Orlando Norie The new rifle was sighted up to 1,000 yards, as against the old Brown Bess, wholly inaccurate beyond 100 yards. This weapon was quickly replaced by the more efficient British Enfield Rifle. The British infantry fought with the Brown Bess musket in some form from the beginning of the 18 th Century.Īs the Crimean War broke out, the British Army’s infantry was being equipped with the new French Minié Rifle, a muzzle loading rifle fired by a cap (all the British divisions, other than the Fourth, arriving in the Crimea with this weapon). They were however on the verge of substantial change, brought about by developments in firearms. Uniforms, arms and equipment at the Battle of Balaclava: The armies that fought in the Crimean War for Russia, Britain and France were in organisation little different from the armies that fought the Napoleonic wars at the beginning of the century. Officers of the French Chasseurs d’Afrique: Battle of Balaclava on 25th October 1854 in the Crimean War Parking Lot: Places a caller on Park, placing the caller into a Parking Slot. When the button is pressed, the current active call transfers to the set extension. The transfer button may be configured to a specific extension. Transfer: When set, instantly transfers the current call to the extension assigned. Pressing this key will instantly call the configured destination. Speed Dial: Button can be configured to instantly dial a telephone number, extension, or system code (such as *74 - Ring Group Log-in or *86 – Voicemail). The LCD lights up green when the assigned extension is available red when the assigned extension is on the phone. Press the Type of programmable key being configured.īLF (Busy Lamp Field): An LCD key typically on the far right-hand side of the phone. To alter the BLF or speed dial keys, click the + Add Entry button under the BLF/Programmable Keys heading.įigure 05: Device Information - Extended Configuration TabĪfter selecting the +Add Entry button, the screen shows the types and settings available for the specific phone model that is selected. To modify the time zone setting on a specific phone, select the desired time zone from the drop-down menu. Kerauno will still recognize the device's MAC address so the phone can be reassigned or moved elsewhere. The Unregister Device button strips whatever extension is assigned to the phone and initiates a reboot. This button is used to clean up old phones that are listed in the interface but are no longer in use. The Delete Device button will completely remove the device from the Devices menu and Kerauno will no longer recognize the Device's MAC address. The Unregister Device and Delete Device buttons are used to remove a device registration from Kerauno. The ability to modify customizable keys varies by model of phone, but can include "Soft" LCD keys, BLF keys, and Speed Dial buttons. The Extended Configuration tab allows the modification of customizable keys on the phone and gives System Administrators the ability to change the time zone for employees dispersed geographically. Selecting Update Device reboots the selected phone and re-registers it with the new extension assigned.įigure 03: Device Information>Extended Configuration Screen Mark the checkbox next to the desired extension to select it and click OK. To do this, click the light-blue Extension button as shown in the Figure 03 to the right. A pop-up is displayed allowing the System Administrator to select the phone’s new extension. On the Device Information page, System Administrators have the ability to re-register a phone to another extension. This page shows the model, MAC Address, and currently assigned extension of the phone. Once a specific device is selected, the Device Information page is displayed. Kerauno allows administrators to modify the device settings and extension configuration for a specific phone via the Devices menu.Ĭlick either the MAC address for the phone to be modified in the table, or select the phone from the blue device list on the right as shown in Figure 02 below. The option may be unavailable for older-model phones or generic brand IP Phones. This Reboot button is available for most Polycom SoundPoint Series and YeaLink phones. System Administrators also have the ability to reboot phones remotely using the green Reboot button in the far right hand column. A successfully registered device will display a symbol, while unregistered devices will show a symbol. Select the next to the header of any column to sort by the Registered column.Ī device's registration status is characterized by a or symbol. The Devices menu displays a list of every device that is connected to Kerauno.Ī search bar at the top of the page next to the symbol allows administrators to search for a device by MAC address, phone model, or extension. The Devices menu allows System Administrators to view, manipulate, and troubleshoot any IP Phones or Paging Devices that are connected to Kerauno. The option is also available to reboot one specific phone or reboot all phones configured to Kerauno. This menu is also used to modify configurable keys on specific phone models. This includes information about the MAC Address of the device, the manufacturer and model of the device, the assigned user and extension, registration status, and IP address of the phone are displayed. The Devices menu contains all relevant information about the devices connected to Kerauno. Postfire floods and debris flows are especially common in the southwestern USA where fires often occur before the onset of the monsoon season (Rinne 1996). 1990, Benda and Dunne 1997, May and Gresswell 2004). Debris flows engender sediment and wood inputs to stream channels that can temporarily bury habitat, substrates, and food resources, but these pulse disturbances are generally outweighed by the structural changes (e.g., creation of cover and spawning gravels) that are critical for persistence of stream fishes (Sedell et al. Debris flows are important disturbance events that create and maintain a mosaic of stream habitats (Reeves et al. For example, postfire floods and debris flows can scour stream channels to bedrock over long distances, potentially extirpating or severely reducing populations of headwater stream fishes (Propst and Stefferud 1997, Brown et al. Fire may exacerbate extirpation risk for trout populations, either directly (e.g., related to increased temperatures) or indirectly (e.g., because of postfire debris flows Gresswell 1999). Spatially isolated populations are especially vulnerable to stochastic environmental events (Hilderbrand and Kershner 2000, Peterson et al. However, fragmented streams restrict trout movement among formerly connected populations, thereby leaving small, isolated populations vulnerable to extirpation by local disturbances (Kruse et al. Some anthropogenic changes associated with land use (e.g., road culverts and irrigation diversions) have unintentionally isolated upstream populations of Colorado River Cutthroat Trout, thereby protecting them from invasion by nonnative salmonids and disease (Harig and Fausch 2002). pleuriticus) (CRCT Coordination Team 2006). 2013).Ī wide variety of land management activities, including overgrazing, heavy metal pollution, and depletion and diversion of water resources in the upper Colorado River basin, have affected streams occupied by Colorado River Cutthroat Trout ( O. Streams occupied by Cutthroat Trout are situated primarily on public lands, particularly those administered by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service (Rieman et al. Large-scale patterns of habitat occupancy by Cutthroat Trout apparently result from the incursion of nonnative fish species and ubiquitous water development in downstream portions of occupied watersheds (Young 2008). Extant Cutthroat Trout populations generally are confined to mid- to high-elevation streams (>2500 m) with high gradients (Gresswell 1988) and often are isolated by natural or anthropogenic barriers to upstream movement (Kruse et al. Specific results of our study may not be universally applicable, but our risk assessment approach can be applied to assess postfire debris-flow risk for stream reaches in other watersheds.Ĭutthroat Trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii) have experienced declines in distribution and abundance throughout the western USA because of habitat fragmentation and degradation and interactions with nonnative species (Gresswell 1988, Behnke 1992, Young 1995). Postfire debris flows could extirpate trout from local reaches in these watersheds, but trout populations occupy refugia that should allow recolonization of interconnected, downstream reaches. Colorado River Cutthroat Trout occurred in areas of high postfire debris-flow risk, but they were never restricted to those areas. In the study systems, debris-flow potential was highest in the lower and middle reaches of most watersheds. This model was coupled with a spatially continuous survey of trout distributions in these stream networks to assess the predicted extent of trout population disturbances related to debris flows. Stream reaches at high risk of disturbance by postfire debris flow were identified with the aid of a qualitative model based on 4 primary initiating and transport factors (hillslope gradient, flow accumulation pathways, channel gradient, and valley confinement). We conducted a reach-scale spatial analysis of debris-flow risk among 11 high-elevation watersheds of the Colorado Rocky Mountains occupied by isolated populations of Colorado River Cutthroat Trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus). Headwater streams in steep terrain are especially susceptible to disturbance associated with postfire debris flows, which have led to local extirpation of trout populations in some systems. Many trout populations are limited to headwater streams where negative effects of predicted climate change, including reduced stream flow and increased risk of catastrophic fires, may further jeopardize their persistence. Habitat fragmentation and degradation and invasion of nonnative species have restricted the distribution of native trout. |